Learning Objectives

(a) identify and describe protons, neutrons and electrons in terms of their relative charges and
relative masses
(b) deduce the behaviour of beams of protons, neutrons and electrons in both electric and
magnetic fields
(c) describe the distribution of mass and charges within an atom
(d) define proton (atomic) number and nucleon (mass) number
(e) interpret and use such symbols as

₁₂

C

⁶
(f) deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons present in both atoms and ions given
proton and nucleon numbers (and charge)
(g) (i) describe the contribution of protons and neutrons to atomic nuclei in terms of proton
number and nucleon number
(ii) distinguish between isotopes on the basis of different numbers of neutrons present
(h) describe the number and relative energies of the s, p and d orbitals for the principal quantum
numbers 1, 2 and 3 and also the 4s and 4p orbitals
(i) describe the shapes of s and p orbitals
(j) state the electronic configuration of atoms and ions given the proton number (and charge)